The first chapter of the struggle against foreign aggression
Second, short answer
1, China's feudal society
the performance of the social crisis also appeared late Qing dynasty Qianlong the rise and fall. There are five aspects of their performance, before the period is all three, such as, politically, to strengthen centralized, bureaucratic negligence, corruption, bureaucratic corruption integrity. Economically, land acquisition serious usurious rent increase, no land less and less farmers to increase, farmers living in poverty state. military, military decline, arms lax. Banners Army Green Standard Army was no fighting corruption. ideology and culture, with the taste of foreign domination of Manchu, Daxing literary inquisition, suppression of heresy, and immobility. External Relations on the implementation of a policy of seclusion, almost in a state of isolation.
Qing crisis is all the previous dynasties, as signs of regime change there, but history has not given China the opportunity to create another feudal dynasty. big world frame of reference has changed, the arrival of Western capitalism, will change the fate of China.
2, why the first Opium War in 1840 is the beginning of modern Chinese history
from 1840 to 1949, China has gradually formed and deepened evolved to do for the semi-feudal state.
first of the semi-colonial. This is from the perspective of political sovereignty. violations of sovereignty, territorial integrity had been damaged and no fact, became a country its name.
Secondly, of the semi-feudal. This is the deconstruction of the economic base and economic perspective. (1) feudal self-sufficient economy began to disintegrate, the commodity economy to a certain degree of development, the Chinese agricultural economy has become dependent on the world capitalist market a part of. (2) stimulation of capitalism in the West, China's urban and rural areas into the capitalist production relations and to be developed.
3, semi-feudal society is characterized by what?
(1) capital of the empire Marxist control the lifeline of China's economic and political decision and dominate China.
(2) China's feudal forces had colluded with the aggressors, one is the oppression of the Chinese people's social powers and the rule of basic pillars.
(3) Although the natural economy destroyed, but the landlord still land ownership.
(4) Although the production of capitalism in China and have some development, but still weak, did not become the main body of China's economy.
(5) China's political and economic development is highly imbalance, China's internal disunity. This struggle of imperialism and capital m and indirect control, and the local agricultural economy of China on the basis of local separatist, China is a vast and so on.
(6) of the Chinese people and people living in extreme political power impoverishment.
4, the characteristics of the Chinese national bourgeoisie
(1) divided into upper and lower middle class.
(2) two features and a double personality. On the one hand by the Emperor, sealing pressure, certain conditions can take part in anti-imperialist anti-sealing under the revolution, or remain neutral. On the other hand, due to weak, with the Emperor, letters are inextricably linked, the struggle against the lack of thoroughness.
(3) the national bourgeoisie can not lead in China democratic revolution to victory.
5, the formation and characteristics of the Chinese working class What?
sources characteristics: born in a foreign enterprise in China, the Chinese bourgeoisie than the older age and qualifications, social base and larger social forces.
the Chinese working class to its own characteristics: ① by the Emperor, letters, capital triple oppression, more revolutionary. ② despite fewer, but the relative concentration of (geographically concentrated in the coastal ports along the Yangtze River city mainly concentrated on the industry in the textile, mining, railways, shipping, etc.), easy to organize and form a revolutionary force; ③ mostly from bankrupt farmers, and farmers have natural links, easy to form worker-peasant alliance. Therefore, the Chinese working class and the most advanced , the most revolutionary and most powerful.
6, modern struggle against foreign aggression the Chinese people what is the cause repeated failures?
1840-1919 years of struggle against foreign aggression have failed because:
(1) the social system of corruption. This is the root cause. Qing Dynasty rule after entering the modern, social system unchanged and more corruption. even after collusion with the invaders, the majority of Chinese people as the main enemy. people patriotic officers and soldiers against aggression, and therefore the resistance often leads to failure. (2) economic and technological backwardness of the Chinese people against aggression are an important reason for the failure. Western industrial revolution, rapid economic, technological and military equipment development, China's GDP is small, industrial technological backwardness will certainly vulnerable to attack. will inevitably affect the economic and technological backwardness of weaponry, military quality, comprehensive strength and so far inferior.
three essay questions
1, the establishment of the Western capitalist system and the colonial expansion China's threat
(1) the establishment of the capitalist system and the Industrial Revolution .1640 bourgeois revolution in Britain marked the world into the capitalist era. the United States and France have established the capitalist system. the capitalist system established after the industrial revolution. highly efficient production of large machines to replace the original workshop production of the low efficiency of the manual.
(2) expansion of capitalism and the inevitable contact. capitalist commodity production needs raw materials and product markets, capitalism system in place, the Western capitalist countries through colonialism, the military, political, economic and cultural invasion of their country into a way to put some part of the capitalist market. China has become the object of the fate of its expansion has been inevitable, war is inevitable. < br> 2, the two major conflicts in modern Chinese society and its relationship
comparing a pair of contradictions of feudal society, modern Chinese society added a pair. expressed as: the contradiction between imperialism and the Chinese nation, and the masses of feudalism contradiction. before a contradiction is the contradiction between the most important contradictions. the movement of the contradiction between the two throughout the semi-feudal society, determines the development and changes in Chinese society.
the relationship between two contradictions: different times show different state, if any to resolve ethnic conflicts is the main object. such as the previous war against aggression and the Boxer Rebellion. sometimes presented as the main contradiction of class contradictions, such as the Taiping peasant uprisings and Revolution. sometimes collusion between the two work together, such as the suppression of the Taiping peasant movement.
3, in modern times the two major historical tasks facing the Chinese people and their relationship
(1) the nature of semi-feudal society and the principal contradiction, the decision of the two major historical tasks.
(2) two historical mission of the statements: First, obtain national independence and liberation of the people; the second is to achieve national prosperity and people prosperity.
(3) the relationship between
difference: the main, the content is different. The former want to change the national oppressed, exploited the people of the status and condition, from the overthrow rule of semi-feudal social order, and solve the problem of the relations of production; which is to change the modern cultural and social backwardness of China's economic status and the state is to fully develop modern national industry and commerce to address the productivity problem.
contact: completion of the first major task is to create conditions for the second task is completed.
the one hand, the former is a prerequisite, only the realization of national independence and liberation of the people to repeal the powers to impose unequal treaties in order to overthrow the feudal autocratic system, change the comprador and feudal production relations, the liberation of productive forces, opening up the road toward modernization.
other hand, the fight for national independence and liberation of the ultimate goal is to make China's modernization, to achieve national prosperity and people's common prosperity of the Chinese nation independent nations of the world.
4, from the Opium War to the Chinese people before the Revolution of the performance of the awakening of national consciousness
doctor before the Opium War and the general concept of the Chinese people: towards a kingdom of heaven.
After the Opium War began to gradually change, resulting in the awakening of national consciousness, its performance and the process is:
(1) Learn the length of Technology from the Western ideas and thoughts generated Early Reformers: Lin Zexu: Modern China eyes open to see the world first. Wei: Editor against foreign aggression. to create a place in modern China and the West to learn the first of its kind. Westernization Movement in Ma Jianzhong, Wang Tao, Zheng Guanying and other early Reformation thought, advocating reform of feudal autocracy.
(2) national salvation and rejuvenation of the slogans shouted out: Sino, Chinese people began to universal awakening of national consciousness. Fu revitalizing the Chinese nation, the history of the various classes of Chinese drama staged this.
second chapter of the national way of early exploration
Second, the short answer questions
1, how to assess the Field System, 1) by the narrow horizons. it is pursuing is a small cottage industry of agriculture combined with the natural economy is a small farmers do not mind the circulation of commodities, commodity exchange and the mean absolute ideal society. Therefore, this social ideal, is not realistic fantasy. of the feudal system has negative meaning, but not constructive.
2, how to evaluate Tianjing to put forward the program, but did not involve the issue of farmers and throughout the land, does not mean that the original movement direction of the peasant class. The fatal weakness, decided from the beginning of this program on the lack of implementation of the class basis and social conditions.
3, the failure of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and brief lessons
(1) the root cause of failure: a lack of leadership of the advanced class. peasant class is not a new representative of productive forces and production relations, with the class of small producers inherent limitations.
(2) the specific reasons (root causes of the external appearance) can not be made complete and correct political and social reform program is not scientific theory. can not long maintain the unity of leadership, unable to stop the phenomenon of corruption within the ruling group and feudal hierarchy thought the breeding in foreign issues, the foreign capitalist powers of the lack of rational understanding of real aggression.
(3) Lessons learned: the occurrence and failure of the Taiping Rebellion that, in the semi-feudal society, the farmers have The great revolutionary force, but it can not assume leadership of the struggle against imperialism and feudalism responsibility victory.
4, the failure of the Westernization Movement What?
(1) has a feudal Westernization Movement. Westernization Movement guidance thought is semi-feudal process of increasingly grave situation, the more positive the introduction of Western purpose.
(3) foreign affairs of the enterprise management has decayed. Westernization enterprises run by the management is still new to the feudal bureaucratic style of management, so that enterprises lack the Westernization vigor and vitality.
(4) the persistence of the Qing ruling forces in the block is one of the reasons.
5, outlined the reasons for the failure of the Hundred Days Reform Movement and lessons
(1) main reasons: the failure of the Hundred Days Reform Movement is the main reason limitations of their own class reformers (the Chinese national capitalist economic power is very weak, very narrow social basis of the national bourgeoisie, which is the root cause) and the Empress Dowager Cixi's conservative forces, led by strong opposition.
(2) specific Reason: not deny feudalism. in politics can not simply deny the feudal monarchy; economy did not touch on the economic base of feudalism feudal land ownership mm; thought by Confucius in the name of illusions. has always been his dream to help the reforms of the Western powers. divorced from the masses. Reformists limited range of activities, basically limited to some bureaucratic literati and intellectuals, did not get the support of the masses. and fear of the people. < br> 3) Lessons learned: the Hundred Days Reform is China's national bourgeoisie political arena for the first time show. Reformative not only exposed the failure of the weakness of this class, but also that in the semi-feudal China, the attempt by the rulers the road to improved top-down, is not feasible. in order to achieve national independence, democracy, prosperity, must be a means of revolution.
three essay questions
1, Shishu Taiping peasant struggle While the historical significance of the Taiping Rebellion
failed, but it has important historical significance.
First, it dealt a heavy blow of the feudal ruling class, strongly shook the foundation of the rule of the Qing government. (1) from the size, duration (14 years), affecting the depth of the point of view, are larger than all previous peasant uprising. (2) under the influence of the Taiping Rebellion, the uprising around the surging anti-ethnic groups (such as Heaven and Earth will revolt, and ethnic groups Nien Rebellion uprisings, etc.). accelerate the process of decline of the Qing dynasty.
Second, it is the peak of the old peasant war, with a different from the previous history of peasant wars of the new features. (1) peak: the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom established its own regime, proposed the , reflecting the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom with a history of war is different from the characteristics of farmers in the past.
third, severely criticized the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Confucius and the Confucian classics, to some extent weakened the feudal rule of the spiritual pillar. (contact characteristics of feudal society to understand the cultural characteristics of )
Fourth, the Taiping peasant war against a powerful foreign invading forces. Taiping leaders rejected the unequal treaties prohibited the opium trade. collusion among the common foreign reactionary forces suppressed the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the soldiers waged a heroic struggle. < br> Fifth, in the mid-19th century national liberation movements in Asia, the Taiping peasant wars are the longest, largest, it and other Asian countries converge with the national liberation movements, the impact of Western colonial rule in Asia .
2, Shishu historical role of the Westernization Movement
(1) an objective to promote the early Chinese industry and the development of national capitalism. Westernization inherited Wei Yuan's ; of ideology, the beginning of modern education. In order to develop new diplomatic, military, scientific and technological personnel, a number of new schools opened Westernization, sent the first official school students, this is the beginning of modern education in China.
(3) dissemination of new knowledge, to open people's horizons. Westernization of a number of Western books in translation, introducing modern Western scientific and cultural knowledge, to bring China to the then new knowledge, new knowledge, broaden people's horizons.
(4) caused changes in social values and the values. With the rise of the Westernization Movement and the emergence of the capitalist mode of production, traditional values are under attack, it has also changed social atmosphere conducive to the development of capitalism, social atmosphere conducive to change.
3, Shishu Hundred Days Hundred Days reform movement Reform Movement significance
failed, but with the progress and impact of historical significance.
(1) Hundred Days Reform Movement was a patriotic movement for national salvation. Reformists in imminent danger, and divide the moment of crisis around the corner to come forward and set off a political reform survival, and safeguard national independence and national salvation movement of capitalist development, reflecting the requirements of the times.
(2) the Hundred Days Reform movement (China earliest) the nature of a bourgeois political reform movement. broke through the Westernization to succeed, but in the (new point of view) the impact of the feudal system.
(3) the Hundred Days Reform Movement is a the Enlightenment. reformers vigorously spread of Western social and political theory, natural rights of publicity, freedom, equality, social evolution, ideas, criticism of feudal monarchy and the feudal Gangchanglunli is conducive to democratic ideas spread in China. driven by the reformers, the formation of a wide range of cultural reform movement, and the development of modern education has played a positive role.
( 4) reform of social conduct in the Hundred Days Reform movement also has the meaning can not be underestimated. reformists and women's advocates get rid of opium and other bad habits of foot-binding, advocated br> Chapter III Revolution
Second, short answer
1, how to look at the nature of the Provisional Government Republic of China.
Republic of the nature of a bourgeois revolutionary regime.
(1) in the composition of on the control of the bourgeois revolutionaries of this regime.'s Revolutionary Party and the Alliance members in important sectors of the government as the main duties.
(2) in the implementation of the various political, economic cultural and social policy measures, embodies the wishes and interests of the Chinese national bourgeoisie, but also to some extent in line with the interests of the Chinese people
(3) domestic and foreign aspects of the interim government in Nanjing limitations. First recognized by the Qing government and the powers given all unequal treaties and the all the debt owed. The second is not proposed to meet the requirements of farmers of land policies and measures
2, Revolution Revolution
the historical significance of the victory was a more complete sense of the bourgeois democratic revolution, the Chinese people for national salvation and survival rejuvenating the Chinese nation as a milestone of great historical significance.
(1) revolution overthrew the rule of the Qing dynasty in China, a heavy blow to the reactionary forces and foreign rule in China. for the development of the revolutionary struggle of the Chinese people has opened up road.
(2) Revolution ended two thousand years of feudal rule in China, autocratic monarchy, the establishment of China's first republican government of a bourgeois, so the idea is catching on democratic republic.
(3) Revolution is also an ideological liberation movement. Revolution the ideological progress and open the door to national consciousness.
(4) Revolution to promote social, economic, social customs and habits of thought, new changes have taken place.
( 5) Revolution against the imperialist forces in China, the Asian countries to promote the upsurge of national liberation movements.
3, outlined the struggle against the Northern Warlords
(1) launched the Chinese Revolutionary Party: the assassination of opposition to Yuan Song Jiaoren and the Tokyo formally established the Chinese Revolutionary Party.
(2) protect the country and the war started. to oppose Yuan Shikai proclaimed himself emperor, Cai E December 25, 1915, Cai E declared independence in Yunnan, Protection Movement broke out on March 22 .1916 , Yuan cancel monarchy.
(3) law enforcement campaign launched: to restore and protect the Republic of China and the the old democratic revolution in China's end. indicates that the Chinese people's revolutionary struggle against imperialism and feudalism will have to enter a new stage of development.
two essay questions
1, Shishu Three Principles of the doctrine of the basic content and meaning < br> (1) nationalism, including the clear anti-imperialist stand, there is no clear way to Han Chinese warlords, the bureaucrats, the landlords as a revolutionary object.
(2) Democracy is on Democratic Republic. in theory, the purpose of solving the problem of revolution. However, democracy is no clear majority of working people's status in the country, really hard to protect the rights of the people.
(3) the content of the People's Livelihood, . , a set of in Chinese history did not have a bourgeois republic's founding program, is a more complete program of democratic revolution.
2, Shishu Revolution and the failure of the historical limitations of the lessons learned < br> Total: bourgeois revolutionaries, the weakness of their own.
points: Revolution of the limitations of the performance of the specific table:
(1) does not propose radical anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolutionary program.
there is no clear anti-imperialist agenda, compromise or concession in exchange for fantasy recognition and support of imperialism.
they only emphasized over and the establishment of anti-republican, do not realize against the feudal ruling class, the final hand over power to the same Yuan is the representative of the feudal forces.
(2) did not fully mobilize and rely on the people. can not rely on the main force of the peasant masses against feudalism, or even suppress the people's revolutionary action.
(3) does not establish a strong revolutionary party, unite all revolutionary forces to play a strong core. League organization lax, factions confused. After the Revolution, and some advocated dissolution of the League, and some other built-party, independent mountain. .
failure and experience: China to send the weakness of the bourgeois revolution and the resulting limitations of the Revolution, the Revolution is difficult to escape defeat. Revolution only to overthrow a Qing government, not overthrow imperialism and feudal oppression and exploitation, imperialism and feudalism did not complete basic tasks.
Revolution's failure that the bourgeoisie of the Republic of the program failed to save China, Chinese people need a new advanced exploration for China to seek new outlets.
Chapter epoch-making event to explain changing
t
two important test sites, short answer
1, before the May Fourth Movement, the main contents of the New Culture Movement What?
(2) intense criticism as a feudal Confucian ideas. New Culture Movement, the spearhead of attack to maintain the focus point for the purpose of the feudal autocracy and the basic content of Confucianism to evolutionary theory as the main weapon of emancipating the mind and personality, strongly criticized the feudal Tsunatsune ethics, vigorously promote the new morality, against the old morality.
(3) to promote individual liberation and freedom. for the emancipation of women, family problems, marriage, love and so a lively discussion, promote gender equality and bourgeois freedom democratic ideas.
(4) promotion of literary revolution. the main literary revolution, including the literary content (replace with the new literature on the literature) and form (in the vernacular to replace classical) two aspects of the revolution.
2, before the May Fourth Movement What is the meaning of the New Culture Movement?
whole, is a bourgeois democratic revolution of the nature of the Enlightenment, has important historical significance.
(1) it is a new culture of democracy with the bourgeoisie the struggle against the old feudal culture is the Revolution in the continuation of the ideological and cultural fields, a heavy blow to the feudal autocracy.
(2) it strongly promote democracy and science, will be caused by people from the darkness of the feudal autocracy freed , opened the tide of emancipation.
(3) to accept it as the advanced elements of Marxism in China to prepare a suitable soil for the May Fourth Movement in China, beginning with creation of new democratic revolution and the ideological and cultural conditions.
3, the New Culture Movement in front of the May Fourth Movement which historical limitations?
the limitations of the historical conditions of the May Fourth New Culture Movement before there are obvious shortcomings.
(1) (from the real economic base) new advocates of cultural movement does not reveal the existence of feudal autocracy social roots; from the economy and the bourgeois republic, the root causes of program failures attributed to ideology and culture, is wrong (there is suspicion of idealism). They advocated bourgeois democracy, can not effectively transform the Chinese society.
(2) (formalism of thinking) a few people in thinking that there is absolutely positive or absolutely negative bias formalism (with metaphysics too).
(3) (from the masses of working people) they give priority to transform the national character, but it is produced from the transformation of feudal revolutionary practice of the social environment, not the movement spread to the workers and peasants, a few people cry alone, difficult to achieve its objectives.
4, the outbreak of the May Fourth Movement and the historical background of what are the conditions?
(1) the new era. It took place in the Russian October Revolution opened up the world proletarian socialist revolution new era.
(2) a new social force growth of the Chinese working class mm. With the national capitalist economy during the First World War the rapid development of China's working class and the power of the national bourgeoisie is also expanding into the m-step up. (the eve of the May Fourth Movement of 1919, China's industrial workers reached 200 million people)
(3) mm New Culture Movement to promote the emancipation of the trend. for the May Fourth Movement, to prepare the initial mass base and backbone.
5, the early spread of Marxist ideas of what characteristics of exercise?
(1) emphasis on learning the basic theory of Marxism, specifically with the social democratic Second International, to draw the line. China, a Marxist movement of ideas began to adhere to the revolutionary principles of Marxism and the right direction.
(2) attention from the reality in China, learning, the use of Marxist theory. early Chinese Marxists have actually formed a Marxist shall be China's realities and ideas, although not clearly stated at the time of this proposition.
(3) intellectuals began to put forward the working masses should be combined with the idea. (zhao advocate intellectuals to be loyal to the people for the people of the pioneer To go to the private sector to the rural areas).
6, around the early organization of the Communist Party which carried out the work?
(1) further research and advocacy of Marxism.
focus and Engels, Lenin original learning, advocacy of Marxism and the Russian Revolution of experience. and anti-Marxist thought debate three times, and expand the influence of Marxism.
(2) organize and conduct vigorous labor movement, to the workers to carry out propaganda and organizational work .
suitable workers published in the popular press. to create trade unions and labor schools
(3) for discussion on party building and the actual organization.
group developed Shanghai Communist Party launched the sen to Mao Zedong's letter to explore the founding of the problem.
(4) the work, to further promote the Marxist movement combined with the Chinese workers for China to create a unified organization to prepare the conditions for the working class vanguard. < br> 7, the historical characteristics of the Chinese Communist Party set up what is?
(1) Features: The Chinese Communist Party in particular the establishment of social and historical conditions, with the following two characteristics:
(social revolution theory of scientific socialism.
(there is the kind of labor aristocracy of Europe, there is no social basis of reformism.
Therefore, the Chinese Communist Party is a beginning theory of Marxism-Leninism as the guiding ideology of the party is a party different from the Second International, the new workers in social reform class revolutionary party.
8, the first KMT-CPC cooperation is the political basis of what?
(1) 1924 年 1 month, the first time the KMT National Congress of the Declaration on the Three People's Principles were adopted by the new interpretation, we must extent, overcome the limitations of the old Three People's Principles: nationalism highlights the performance of the anti-imperialist content, emphasizing the complete independence of foreign for the Chinese, while advocates equality of all nationalities; civil rights civil rights, the general stressed that there were civilians, should not be New Principles and the CCP program of the democratic revolution in the basic principle is the same as the political foundation of the KMT-CPC cooperation, the joint program and the Revolutionary United Front
9, the Northern Expedition into the reasons for the victory?
( 1) The implementation of the KMT-CPC cooperation, the establishment of the revolutionary united front, especially the Communists and the Communist Youth League, the Northern Expedition exemplary vanguard role is an important reason for the victory.
(2) Expedition had the overwhelming support of the workers and peasants. Expedition is against imperialism, against the warlords, just under the slogan of the revolutionary war, has been the strong support of the people.
(3) Northern Expedition multifaceted assistance by the Soviet government, in particular, sent military advisers to help develop the Northern Expeditionary Army the right military strategy and tactics.
three essay questions
1, features the history of the May Fourth Movement May Fourth Movement and the historical significance of
in the new times and new social and historical conditions occur, with the Revolution as the representative of the old democratic revolution do not have the historical character and historical significance.
(1) is a complete modern history of the revolutionary movement against imperialism and feudalism, the thoroughness of the performance of the anti-imperialist . the struggle against the Chinese people against imperialism and feudalism to a new level online.
(2) is a real mass revolutionary movement. young students played a pioneering role in the political arena Chinese working class began to , late in the movement played a dominant role.
(3) promoting the widespread dissemination of Marxism in China, and promote the Marxist movement combined with the Chinese workers, the founding of the Chinese Communist Party cadres on the thought and preparation . On the one hand, the working class intellectuals looking for transportation east to promote the way with their combination. On the other hand, a preliminary communist intellectuals struggle in practice and gradually transformed into a Marxist.
(4) May Fourth movement The great Chinese democratic revolution start. May Fourth Movement took place in the Russian October Revolution, the Chinese revolution has become part of the world proletarian socialist revolution. May Fourth Movement, the proletariat, the bourgeoisie gradually replace the national democratic revolution in modern China to become the leader .
2, the historical characteristics of the Chinese Communist Party set up what is?
(1) Features: The Chinese Communist Party in particular the establishment of social and historical conditions, with the following two characteristics:
(Original
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